MOOSE (ANTARES)

Type	Set of cruises
Chief scientist(s)	LEFEVRE Dominique
Project manager	LEFEVRE Dominique
DOI	10.18142/233
Objective	The climate in the Mediterranean basin is rapidly changing towards a drier system characterized by more extreme rainfall. The physical functioning of the Mediterranean, and in particular the process of deep convection, is thus likely to be strongly impacted in the future (Somot, 2006), with direct consequences for deep water ventilation, pelagic ecosystems and the carbon cycle (Herrmann, 2018). It should be noted that the Mediterranean Sea responds much more quickly and intensely to these changes than the global ocean (Cacho et al 2002), especially because of the renewal of its deep water masses over only a few decades. An increase in deep water temperature of the order of $0.3 circ$C has already been observed since the 1950s (Bethoux, 1990; Krahmann, 1998}, and projections to 2100 predict an increase in surface temperatures from 2 to 3 (Adloff, 2015}, which could disrupt the breeding cycles of many marine species (July 2010). Objectives : The challenge is to properly sample 1) the north current, flowing along the continental slope, 2) the coast/wide exchanges, including cascading episodes, and 3) the formation of deep/intermediate waters offshore and the ventilation of bottom waters. This is necessary to monitor the evolution of thermohaline circulation, heat balances and stock estimates for biogeochemical parameters. The approach chosen is to be multi-scale and to take into account the circulation of the three water masses (surface, intermediate and deep) of this basin. The objective is therefore to maintain a network of fixed stations (instrumented lines, surface buoys, radars, semaphores), autonomous mobile platforms (gliders), and the measurements and collection of samples from vessels of the French oceanographic fleet (Fig. 2).

Scientific context

The Mediterranean Ocean Observing System for the Environment (MOOSE) network was set up to monitor the long-term evolution of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea (over more than 10 years) in the context of climate change and human pressure. The scientific objectives are based on the main issues of the MISTRALS program, in particular, those of the HYMEX, MERMEX and CHARMEX projects, which require long-term observations. From a logistical point of view, the structuring of this network has enabled the creation of a common interoperable instrumental fleet, whose maintenance and calibration operations are carried out in a pooled manner. This observation network covers coastal and offshore areas, coastal-wide exchanges and continental interfaces continent-ocean and ocean-atmosphere (Figure 1).

MOOSE is an observation network that provides regular and recurring monthly monitoring in the western Mediterranean since 2010. The labelling of this network was renewed for the period 2016-2020 and MOOSE was integrated into the ILICO Research Infrastructure (Coastal and Coastal Infrastructure).

Final Objective - Expected Results: Determination of the effects of climate change and those induced by anthropogenic activities in the Western Mediterranean - help for the prediction of impacts on the hydrology and structure of the pelagic ecosystem by providing new data to numerical models and operational forecasting. Reinforcement of the participation of the countries of the South and East shores of the Mediterranean with a transfer of competence for the implementation of the component «Hydrology» of the marine observatories in these countries.
Elementary observatories: The scientific objectives are based on the main questions of the MISTRALS program, in particular, those of the HYMEX, MERMEX, and CHARMEX projects, requiring multidisciplinary and integrated long-term observations. These observations concern the following topics:

Continental inputs via rivers and atmosphere: Observatories Rhône, Têt, Cap Ferrat, Frioul and Cap Béar;
The mesoscale circulation of the North Gyre (Gulf of Lion and Liguria Sea): Observatories Dyfamed, Antares, Planier, Lacaze-Duthiers, LION, radials gliders, MOOSE-GE.

Main results

MOOSE's objectives are based on long-term data acquisition. It is therefore difficult to derive scientific valuations corresponding to a specific year. The results presented below reflect a field activity over several years using the results of the cruises carried out on coastal vessels and mainly dedicated to monitoring at the DYFAMED and ANTARES sites. Here results presented are specific to the ANTARES site and they are not exhaustive, but they present a -snapshot- of the acquired data.

10-year deep water monitoring:

Current analysis at the ANTARES site of the deep layer 2000-2400 m (Figure 3), subject to the influence of deep water formation in the North-Western Mediterranean by convection and/or cascading.

Figure 3: Temporal evolution of current at the ANTARES site (N42°48', E006°05') for the period 2007-2018. The current is estimated from the deformation of the telescope Neutrino lines on a 400m water column. This measurement is not a direct measurement but a proxy of deep-water current.

Even if the main axis of the current is on an East-West axis, compatible with the geostrophic circulation, there are nevertheless events in intensity and in headings which are representative of the dynamics of the water masses in a deep environment, related to basin-scale events.

Hydrology:

The temporal evolution of hydrological properties through the TS diagram of the water column in 1500 and 2500 m (Figure 4), highlights the dynamics of water masses and changes in properties related to deep convection and cascading phenomena at the North-Western basin scale. This makes it possible to show a structure of deep-water masses in multilayers (laminars) which fertilises the deep ocean with organic matter and particles (dead or alive). These hydrological events also allow for deep water ventilation.

Figure 4: Temporal evolution of hydrological properties (Diagram T-S) at the ANTARES site (N42°48', E006°05') for the period 2010-2019. The colour code represents the O2 concentration (unstandardized scale in µmol dm-3).

A highlight of this time series is the dynamics of deep-water structuring, where the so-called classic scorpion tail diagram evolves with the intrusion of neo-formed waters in the period 2010-2013. Since 2014, these neo-formed waters have tended to disappear to form a "single" standard water in 2019, with the disappearance of the superimposition of water masses. This could be due to the non-formation event of deep water since 2013 at the scale of the North-Western Basin.

Biogeochemistry:

Temporal monitoring of hydrological properties over 10 years at 2 depths (500 and 2000m) representative of intermediate levantine waters (LIW) and deep Mediterranean waters (2000m). Each of the 4 properties (O2, TC, NO3 and PO4) exhibit different behaviours. Only TC shows an upward trend in intermediate and deep waters, a priori linked to biological activity more than to the penetration of CO2 of Anthropogenic origin, even if this is still an open question.

Some "events" on oxygen are related to convection movements in local areas at 500 m (see EMSO Ligure West valuation sheet) or at the scale of the basin at 2000 m.

On the other hand, no clear trends on nutrients can be identified.

Figure 5: Monitoring of biogeochemical properties since 2010 at the ANTARES site (N42°48', E006°05') for the period 2010-2017 at 500 m (left panels) and 200 m (right panels) for dissolved oxygen from top to bottom respectively (µmol kg-1), Total inorganic carbon (µmol kg-1), Phosphate (µmol dm-3) and Nitrate (µmol dm-3).

Data acquired and analyses carried out at sea and on shore

Published data

Lefevre Dominique, Libes Maurice, Heyndrickx Celine, Bernardet Karim, Gojak Carl, Mallarino Didier (2024). EMSO-Ligure Ouest observatory data (mooring ALBATROSS) from 2021-08. https://doi.org/10.17882/83244

Metzl Nicolas, Fin Jonathan, Lo Monaco Claire, Mignon Claude, Alliouane Samir, Antoine David, Bourdin Guillaume, Boutin Jacqueline, Bozec Yann, Conan Pascal, Coppola Laurent, Douville Eric, Durrieu De Madron Xavier, Gattuso Jean-Pierre, Gazeau Frédéric, Golbol Melek, Lansard Bruno, Lefèvre Dominique, Lefèvre Nathalie, Lombard Fabien, Louanchi Férial, Merlivat Liliane, Olivier Léa, Petrenko Anne, Petton Sébastien, Pujo-Pay Mireille, Rabouille Christophe, Reverdin Gilles, Ridame Céline, Tribollet Aline, Vellucci Vincenzo, Wagener Thibaut, Wimart-Rousseau Cathy (2023). A synthesis of ocean total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon measurements from 1993 to 2022: the SNAPO-CO2-v1 dataset. https://doi.org/10.17882/95414

Zakardjian Bruno, Quentin Céline (2018). MOOSE HF radar daily averaged surface currents from MEDTLN site (Toulon NW Med). https://doi.org/10.17882/56500

Lefevre D, Tamburini C, Bhairy N, Chirurgien L, Gojak C, Bernardet K, Hafidi Z, Mahiouz K, Aguilar J.A, Samarai I.Al, Albert A, André M, Anghinolfi M, Anton G, Anvar S, Ardid M, Assis Jesus A.C, Astraatmadja T.L, Aubert J-J, Baret B, Basa S, Bertin V, Biagi S, Bigi A, Bigongiari C, Bogazzi C, Bou-Cabo M, Bouhou B, C. Bouwhuis M, Brunner J, Busto J, Camarena F, Capone A, Cârloganu C, Carminati G, Carr J, Cecchini S, Charif Z, Charvis P, Chiarusi T, Circella M, Coniglione R, Costantini H, Coyle P, Curtil C, Decowski P, Dekeyser I, Deschamps A, Donzaud C, Dornic D, Q. Dorosti H, Drouhin D, Eberl T, Emanuele U, Ernenwein J-P, Escoffier S, Fermani P, Ferri M, Flaminio V, Folger F, Fritsch U, Fuda J-L, Galatà S, Gay P, Giacomelli G, Giordano V, Gómez-González J-P, Graf K, Guillard G, Halladjian G, Hallewell G, Van Haren H, Hartman J, Heijboer A.J, Hello Y, Hernández-Rey J.J, Herold B, Hössl J, Hsu C-C, de Jong M, Kadler M, Kalekin O, Kappes A, Katz U, Kavatsyuk O, Kooijman P, Kopper C, Kouchner A, Kreykenbohm I, Kulikovskiy V, Lahmann R, Lamare P, Larosa G, Lattuada D, Lim G, Lo Presti D, Loehner H, Loucatos S, Mangano S, Marcelin M, Margiotta A, Martinez-Mora J-A, Meli A, Montaruli T, Moscoso L, Motz H, Neff M, Nezri E, Palioselitis D, Pavalas G.E, Payet K, Payre P, Petrovic J, Piattelli P, Picot-Clemente N, Popa V, Pradier T, Presani E, Racca C, Reed C, Riccobene G, Richardt C, Richter R, Rivière C, Roensch K, Rostovtsev A, Ruiz-Rivas J, Rujoiu M, G. Russo V, Salesa F, Sánchez-Losa A, Sapienza P, Schöck F, Schuller J-P, Schussler F, Shanidze R, Simeone F, Spies A, Spurio M, Steijger J.M, Stolarczyk T, Taiuti M.G F., Toscano S, Vallage B, Van Elewyck V, Vannoni G, Vecchi M, Vernin P, Wijnker G, Wilms J, de Wolf E, Yepes H, Zaborov D, de Dios Zornoza J, Zúñiga J (2016). ANTARES observatory data (mooring IL07). https://doi.org/10.17882/47130

Bibliography

Publications

Coppola Laurent, Legendre Louis, Lefevre Dominique, Prieur Louis, Taillandier Vincent, Diamond Riquier Emilie (2018). Seasonal and inter-annual variations of dissolved oxygen in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (DYFAMED site). Progress In Oceanography, 162, 187-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.03.001

Caniaux G., Prieur L., Giordani H., Redelsperger Jean-Luc (2017). An inverse method to derive surface fluxes from the closure of oceanic heat and water budgets: Application to the north-western Mediterranean Sea. Journal Of Geophysical Research-oceans, 122(4), 2884-2908. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012167 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00373/48405/

Leger Fabien, Brossier Cindy Lebeaupin, Giordani Herve, Arsouze Thomas, Beuvier Jonathan, Bouin Marie-Noelle, Bresson Emilie, Ducrocq Veronique, Fourrie Nadia, Nuret Mathieu (2016). Dense water formation in the north-western Mediterranean area during HyMeX-SOP2 in 1/36° ocean simulations: Sensitivity to initial conditions. Journal Of Geophysical Research-oceans, 121(8), 5549-5569. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011542

Durrieu De Madron Xavier, Houpert L., Puig P., Sanchez-Vidal A., Testor Pierre, Bosse A., Estournel Claude, Somot S., Bourrin F., Bouin M. N., Beauverger M., Beguery L., Calafat A., Canals M., Cassou Christophe, Coppola Laurent, Dausse D., D'Ortenzio Fabrizio, Font J., Heussner S., Kunesch S., Lefevre D., Le Goff H., Martin J., Mortier L., Palanques A., Raimbault Patrick (2013). Interaction of dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection in the northwestern Mediterranean during winter 2012. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(7), 1379-1385. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50331

References of Articles published in other Periodicals or Scientific Works acclaimed in the Field

Migon C., Nival P., Sciandra A. (2021). The Mediterranean Sea in the Era of Global Change 1. ISTE Editions.

Migon C., Nival P., Sciandra A. (2021). The Mediterranean Sea in the Era of Global Change 2. ISTE Editions.

Coppola Laurent, Legendre Louis, Lefevre Dominique, Prieur Louis, Taillandier Vincent, Diamond Riquier Emilie (2018). Seasonal and inter-annual variations of dissolved oxygen in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (DYFAMED site). Progress in Oceanography, 162, 187-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.03.001

Durrieu de Madron X., Ramondenc S., Berline L., Houpert L., Bosse A., Martini S., Guidi L., Conan P., Curtil C., Delsaut N., Kunesch S., Ghiglione J.F., Marsaleix P., Pujo-Pay M., Séverin T., Testor P., Tamburini C. and the ANTARES collaboration (2017). Deep sediment resuspension and thick nepheloid layer generation by open-ocean convection. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans. Accepted for publication.

Riou V., J. Para, M. Garel, C. Guigue, B. Al Ali, C. Santinelli, D. Lefèvre, J.P. Gattuso, M. Goutx, S. Jacquet, F. Le Moigne, K. Tachikawa, C. Tamburini. Biodegradation of Emiliania huxleyi Aggregates by a Natural Mediterranean Prokaryotic Community under Increasing Hydrostatic Pressure. Progress in Oceangraphy,. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.01.005

Martini S, Michotey V, Casalot L, Bonin P, Guasco S, Garel M, Tamburini C (2016) Bacteria as part of bioluminescence emission at the deep ANTARES station (North-Western Mediterranean Sea) during a one-year survey. Deep Sea Research I, 116: 33-40

Zhang S.-D., Santini C.-L., Zhang W.-J., Barbe V., Mangenot S., Guyomar C., Garel M., Chen H.-T., Li X.-G., Yin Q.-J., Zhao Y., Armengaud J., Gaillard J.-C., Martini S.*, Pradel N., Vidaud C., Alberto F., Médigue C., Tamburini C., Wu L.-F. (2016) Genomic and physiological analysis reveals versatile metabolic capacity of deep-sea Photobacterium phosphoreum ANT-2200. Extremophiles:1-10

Antares Neutrino telescope and Deep Sea Observatory, Bertin V., Brunner J., Carr J., Coyle P., Curtil C., Destelle J.J., Deschamps A., Escoffier S., Graf K., Gojak C., Hössl J., Lahmann R., Lefèvre D., Lévèque C., Tamburini C., Schuller J.P., van Haren H., and Antares collaboration, in SEAFLOOR OBSERVATORIES, A New Vision of the Earth from the Abyss from Paolo Favali, Laura Beranzoli, Angelo De Santis 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, XXX1, 15, p369-414. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-11374-1

Hassoun V., Martin J., Migeon S., Larroque C., Cattaneo A., Eriksson M., Sanchez-Cabeza J., A. Mercier de Lepinay, B. et Liong Wee Kwong L., Searching for the Record of Historical Earthquakes, Floods and Anthropogenic Activities in the Var Sedimentary Ridge (NW Mediterranean), Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, vol. 37, pp. 571-581, 2014

Martini S., Nerini D., Tamburini C., 2014. Relation between deep bioluminescence and oceanographic variables : a statistical analysis using time-frequency decompositions. Progress in Oceanography DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2014.07.003

Zhang SD, Barbe V, Garel M, Zhang W-J, Chen H, Santini C-L, Murat D, Jing H, Zhao Y, Lajus A, Martini S*, Pradel N, Tamburini C, Wu L-F (2014) Genome sequence of luminous piezophile, Photobacterium phosphoreum ANT-2200. Genome Announcements 2 (2): e00096-14.

Tamburini C, Canals M, Durrieu de Madron X, Houpert L, Lefèvre D, et al. (2013) Deep-Sea Bioluminescence Blooms after Dense Water Formation at the Ocean Surface. PLoS ONE 8(7): e67523. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067523

Martini S, Al Ali B, Garel M, Nerini D, Grossi V, Casalot L, Cuny P, Tamburini C (2013) Effects of hydrostatic pressure on growth and luminescence of a moderately-piezophilic luminous bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum ANT-2200. PLoS ONE 8 (6): e66580

Schroeder K. et aL. (2013). Long-term monitoring of the hydrological variability in the Mediterranean Sea: a first overview of the HYDROCHANGES network. 2013. Ocean Sci., 9, 301-324

Durrieu de Madron, X. L. Houpert, P. Puig, A. Sanchez-Vidal, P. Testor, A. Bosse, C. Estournel, S. Somot, F. Bourrin, M.N Bouin, M. Beauverger, L. Beguery, A. Calafat, M. Canals, L. Coppola, D. Dausse, F. D'Ortenzio, J. Font, S. Heussner, S. Kunesch, H. Legoff, J. Martín, L. Mortier, A. Palanques, D. Lefevre, P. Raimbault (2013). Interaction of dense shelf water cascading and open-sea convection in the Northwestern Mediterranean during winter 2012. Geophysical Research Letters. Volume 40, Issue 7, pages 1379-1385, 16 April 2013

Martini S., Nerini D., Tamburini C., 2012. How to analyse bioluminescence time series from in situ observatories ? Example from high frequency records and real time data at the ANTARES site. Luminescence, vol. 27 p.139-140

Bourguet N., M. Goutx, J.-F. Ghiglione, M. Pujo-Pay, G. Mével, A. Momzikoff, L. Mousseau, C. Guigue, N. Garcia, P. Raimbault, R. Pete, L. Oriol, D. Lefèvre (2012), Lipid biomarkers and bacterial lipase activities as indicators of organic matter and bacterial dynamics in contrasted regimes at the DYFAMED site, NW Mediterranean, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, Volume

van Haren, H.; Taupier-Letage et al. (2011). Acoustic and optical variations during rapid downward motion episodes in the deep north-western Mediterranean Sea. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, vol. 58, issue 8, pp. 875-884. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2011.06.006

Boutrif M, Garel M, Cottrell MT, Tamburini C (2011) Assimilation of marine extracellular polymeric substances by deep-sea prokaryotes in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 3: 705-709

Deyme R., I. Bouloubassi, M.-H.Taphanel-Valt, J.-C. Miquel, A. Lorre, J.-C. Marty, L. Méjanelle, (2011)Vertical fluxes of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Environmental Pollution, Volume 159, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 3681-3691, ISSN 0269-7491, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.017.

Al Ali B.*, Garel M., Cuny P., Miquel J.-C., Toubal T., Robert A.* & Tamburini C. (2010). Luminous bacteria in the deep-sea waters near the ANTARES underwater neutrino telescope (NW Mediterranean Sea). Chemistry & Ecology, 26 (1): 57-72

Danovaro R., Dell'Anno A., Corinaldesi C., Magagnini M., Noble R., Tamburini C., Weinbauer M. (2008). Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-sea ecosystems. Nature, 454 (7208): 1084-1087

References of Technical Reports

Kolodziejczyk Nicolas, Taillandier Vincent, Malarde Damien, Le Reste Serge, Le Menn Marc (2019). Résultats des essais du capteur NOSS Campagne BioArgoMed – PERLE0. LOPS-NOSS-2019-03.

References of International Seminar Communications

Lefevre D, Ocean Biogeochemistry Gordon Research Conference Juin 2016. The Biologically_Driven Ocean, Carbon Pumps. Honk_Kong ,

DEA or MASTER 2 using campaign data

Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, Master 2, MIO. Université Aix-Marseille, 2018.

Thesis using campaign data

Feliu Guillermo (2021). Study of the mesozooplankton community structure and trophic role in the Mediterranean Sea during two large scale oceanographic surveys PEACETIME and MOOSE in 2017. PhD Thesis, Université d'Aix Marseille.

Cathy Wimart-Rousseau. Dynamiques saisonnière et pluriannuelle du système des carbonates dans les eaux de surface en mer Méditerranée. 2021

Djaoudi Kahina (2018). Rôle de l’apport atmosphérique sur les processus de biodégradation et la stoechiométrie de la matière organique dissoute en mer Méditerranée / Role of atmospheric deposition on biodegradation processes and stoichiometry of dissolved organic matter in the Mediterranean sea. PhD Thesis, Université Aix Marseille. https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00677/78944/

Aix-Marseille Université.

Sea/Ocean	Zone ANTARES
Limits	North : 43.5 South : 42.0 West : 5.5 East : 7.0