MEDINAUT

Type Oceanographic cruise
Ship Le Nadir
Ship owner Ifremer
Dates 17/11/1998 - 20/12/1998
Chief scientist(s) FOUCHER Jean-Paul, WOODSIDE John

GEO-OCEAN - UMR 6538

Univ. Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Bretagne Sud

Place Nicolas Copernic

29280 Plouzané

https://www.geo-ocean.fr/
DOI 10.17600/98080100
Objective

First survey of the mud volcanoes in the Eastern Mediterranean by a submersible. Geological, geochemical and biological observations of their activity. This falls under the Ifremer Fluids and gas hydrates project.

Dives

Bibliography

Publications

Ritt Benedicte, Desbruyeres Daniel, Caprais Jean-Claude, Gauthier Olivier, Ruffine LivioORCID, Buscail Roselyne, Olu-Le Roy KarineORCID, Sarrazin JozeeORCID (2012). Seep communities from two mud volcanoes in the deep eastern Mediterranean Sea: faunal composition, spatial patterns and environmental control. Marine Ecology-progress Series, 466, 93-143. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09896 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00106/21725/


Southward Eve C., Andersen Ann C., Hourdez Stephane (2011). Lamellibrachia anaximandri n. sp., a new vestimentiferan tubeworm (Annelida) from the Mediterranean, with notes on frenulate tubeworms from the same habitat. Zoosystema, 33(3), 245-279. https://doi.org/10.5252/z2011n3a1


Carlier Antoine, Ritt Benedicte, Rodrigues Clara F., Sarrazin JozeeORCID, Olu KarineORCID, Grall Jacques, Clavier Jacques (2010). Heterogeneous energetic pathways and carbon sources on deep eastern Mediterranean cold seep communities. Marine Biology, 157(11), 2545-2565. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-010-1518-1 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00016/12684/


Lietard Cécile, Pierre Catherine (2009). Isotopic signatures (delta O-18 and delta C-13) of bivalve shells from cold seeps and hydrothermal vents. Geobios, 42(2), 209-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2008.12.001


Lietard Cécile, Pierre Catherine (2008). High-resolution isotopic records (delta(18)O and delta(13)C) and cathodoluminescence study of lucinid shells from methane seeps of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geo-marine Letters, 28(4), 195-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-008-0100-z


Stadnitskaia A., Bouloubassi I., Elvert M., Hinrichs K-U., Damste J. S. Sinninghe (2008). Extended hydroxyarchaeol, a novel lipid biomarker for anaerobic methanotrophy in cold seepage habitats. Organic Geochemistry, 39(8), 1007-1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.04.019


Gontharet S., Pierre C., Blanc-Valleron M.-M., Rouchy J. M., Fouquet Yves, Bayon Germain, Foucher Jean-Paul, Woodside J., Mascle J. (2007). Nature and origin of diagenetic carbonate crusts and concretions from mud volcanoes and pockmarks of the Nile deep-sea fan (eastern Mediterranean Sea). Deep-sea Research Part Ii-topical Studies In Oceanography, 54(11-13), 1292-1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.04.007


Haese Rr, Hensen C, de Lange Gj (2006). Pore water geochemistry of eastern Mediterranean mud volcanoes: Implications for fluid transport and fluid origin. Marine Geology, 225(1-4), 191-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.09.001


Huguen Caroline, Mascle J, Woodside J, Zitter T, Foucher Jean-Paul (2005). Mud volcanoes and mud domes of the Central Mediterranean Ridge: Near-bottom and in situ observations. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 52(10), 1911-1931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.05.006


Zitter Tac, Huguen C, Woodside Jm (2005). Geology of mud volcanoes in the eastern Mediterranean from combined sidescan sonar and submersible surveys. Deep-sea Research Part I-oceanographic Research Papers, 52(3), 457-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.10.005


Olu KarineORCID, Sibuet Myriam, Fiala-Medioni A, Gofas S, Salas C, Mariotti A, Foucher Jean-Paul, Woodside J (2004). Cold seep communities in the deep eastern Mediterranean Sea: composition, symbiosis and spatial distribution on mud volcanoes. Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers, 51(12), 1915-1936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.07.004


Werne Jp, Haese Rr, Zitter T, Aloisi G, Bouloubassi L, Heijs S, Fiala-Medioni A, Pancost Rd, Damste Jss, de Lange G, Forney Lj, Gottschal Jc, Foucher Jean-Paul, Mascle J, Woodside J, The Medinaut And Medineth Shipboard Scientific Parties (2004). Life at cold seeps: a synthesis of biogeochemical and ecological data from Kazan mud volcano, eastern Mediterranean Sea. Chemical Geology, 205(3-4), 367-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.031


Charlou Jean-Luc, Donval Jean-Pierre, Zitter T, Roy N, Jean-Baptiste P, Foucher Jean-Paul, Woodside J (2003). Evidence of methane venting and geochemistry of brines on mud volcanoes of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers, 50(8), 941-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00093-1


Haese Rr, Meile C, Van Cappellen P, de Lange Gj (2003). Carbon geochemistry of cold seeps: Methane fluxes and transformation in sediments from Kazan mud volcano, eastern Mediterranean Sea. Earth And Planetary Science Letters, 212(3-4), 361-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00226-7


Deyhle A, Kopf Aj, Aloisi G (2003). Boron and boron isotopes as tracers for diagenetic reactions and depth of mobilization, using muds and authigenic carbonates from eastern Mediterranean mud volcanoes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, "Subsurface Sediment Mobilization", 216, 491-503. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.216.01.32


Huguen Caroline, Benkhelil J, Giresse P, Mascle Jean, Muller C, Woodside John, Zitter T, The Medinaut Scientific Party (2001). Échantillons rocheux provenant de « volcans de boue » de Méditerranée orientale. Oceanologica Acta, 24(4), 349-360. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(01)01152-5 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00068/17931/


Pancost Rd, Hopmans Ec, Damste Jss, The Medinaut Shipboard Scientific Party (2001). Archaeal lipids in Mediterranean cold seeps: Molecular proxies for anaerobic methane oxidation. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 65(10), 1611-1627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00562-7


Pancost Rd, Bouloubassi I, Aloisi G, Damste Jss, The Medinaut Shipboard Scientific Party (2001). Three series of non-isoprenoidal dialkyl glycerol diethers in cold-seep carbonate crusts. Organic Geochemistry, 32(5), 695-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(01)00015-8


Aloisi G, Pierre C, Rouchy Jm, Foucher Jean-Paul, Woodside J, Medinaut Sci Party (2000). Methane-related authigenic carbonates of eastern Mediterranean Sea mud volcanoes and their possible relation to gas hydrate destabilisation. Earth And Planetary Science Letters, 184(1), 321-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00322-8


Pancost Richard D., Sinninghe Damste Jaap S., de Lint Saskia, Van Der Maarel Marc J. E. C., Gottschal Jan C., The Medinaut Shipboard Scientific Party (2000). Biomarker Evidence for Widespread Anaerobic Methane Oxidation in Mediterranean Sediments by a Consortium of Methanogenic Archaea and Bacteria. Applied And Environmental Microbiology, 66(3), 1126-1132. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.3.1126-1132.2000


Medinaut/medineth Shipboard Scientific Parties (2000). Linking Mediterranean brine pools and mud volcanism. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 81(51), 625-632. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1029/EO081i051p00625-02 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00451/56249/


References of International Seminar Communications

Dählmann, A., R. R. Haese, G. J. de Lange, A. Michard, 2002, Constraints on fluid flow at Mud Volcanoes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea derived by pore water analyses. Poster to be presented at NAC VI conference, April 2002, Veldhoven.

Haese, R., C. Meile, C. Hensen, J. Werne, J. Sinninghe Damste, P. Van Capellen, G. de Lange (2002) Carbon geochemistry of methane-rich sediments: The significance of anaerobic methane- oxidation and gas hydrate formation. Presentation, 2002 Ocean Sciences Meeting, Hawaii.

A. Fiala-Medioni, M. Sibuet, J. C. Gottschal, A. Mariotti, and the Medinaut Shipboard Scientific Party, 2001, Chemosynthesis-based communities associated with fluids in deep Mediterranean mud volcanoes, 36 th CIESM Congress, September 23-28, 2001, Monte-Carlo, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 36, 23.

A. J. Sandra, J.-P. Foucher, B. Loubrieu, C. Satra, 2001, Mud volcanoes and brine pools along active faults of the eastern Mediterranean basin, Conference on Subsurface sediment mobilisation, September 10-13, 2001, Gent, Abstract book, 56.

Aloisi, G., Bouloubassi, I., Pancost, R. D., Heijs, S., Pierre, C., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Forney, L. J., Gottschal, J. C., and Hopmans, E. C. How methane-consuming microbial communities induce carbonate crust formation. 2001 International Meeting of the American Chemical Society, San Diego, California. April 2001.

Bouloubassi, I., Aloisi, G., Pancost, R. D., Heijs, S., Hopmans, E. C., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Gottschal, J. C., and Pierre, C. The role of anaerobic microorganisms in carbonate crust precipitation: illustrating the utility of biomarkers in geomicrobiological investigations. International Meeting of Organic Geochemistry, September 2001, Nancy, France.

C. Huguen, J. Mascle, T. Zitter, J. Woodside, 2001, Regional multiscale synthesis of recent tectonics and mud volcanism over the central and eastern Mediterranean ridge, from new geophysical data. EUG XI, Strasbourg, April 8-12, 2001, Journal of Conference Abstracts, 6(1), p.517

C. Huguen, T. Zitter, J. Mascle, J. Woodside, J. Benkhelil, P. Giresse, J.-P. Foucher, 2001, Tectonic control of mud volcanoes from the central Mediterranean Ridge (south of Crete) : a multiscale analysis, 36 th CIESM Congress, September 23-28, 2001, Monte-Carlo, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 36, 23

C. Huguen, T. Zitter, J. Mascle, J. Woodside, J. Benkhelil, P. Giresse, J.-P. Foucher, 2001, Tectonic control of mud volcanoes from the central Mediterranean Ridge (south of Crete) : a multiscale analysis, Conference on Subsurface sediment mobilisation, September 10-13, 2001, Gent, Abstract book, 46

G. Aloisi, C. Pierre, I. Bouloubassi, R. D. Pancost, S. K. Heijs, J. M. Rouchy, J. Sinninghe Damsté, J. C. Gottschal and the Medinaut Shipboard Scientific Party, 2001, Methane-Related Authigenic carbonates of Eastern Mediteranean Mud Volcanoes : Sources of Diagenetic Fluids and Role of Micro-Organisms. EUG XI, Strasbourg, April 8-12, 2001, Journal of Conference Abstracts, 6(1), p.161.

G. Aloisi, I. Bouloubassi, R. D. Pancost, S. K. Heijs, C. Pierre, J. Sinninghe Damsté, E. Hopmans, J. C. Gottschal, J. M. Rouchy, and the Medinaut Shipboard Scientific Party, 2001, How anaerobic micro-organisms induce carbonate crust formation at seafloor cold seeps. EUG XI, Strasbourg, April 8-12, 2001, Journal of Conference Abstracts, 6(1), p.70.

G. Aloisi, I. Bouloubassi, S. H. Heijs, R. D. Pancost, C. Pierre, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, J. C. Gottschal, L. J. Forney, J.-M. Rouchy and the Medinaut shipboard scientific party, 2001, Integrated studies of carbonate crusts formed through microbial activity on submarine mud volcanoes, 36 th CIESM Congress, September 23-28, 2001, Monte-Carlo, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 36, 104.

G. De Lange, P. Van Santvoort, H. Passier, A. Rutten, A. Vengosh, A. Michard, C. Corselli, G. Winckler, K. Wallmann, E ; Suess, J. Woodside, J.-P. Foucher, and Medinaut participants, 2001, Hypersaline eastern Mediterranean brines : composition and origin, 36 th CIESM Congress, September 23-28, 2001, Monte-Carlo, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 36, 16.

J. P. Werne, M. Ross, R. D. Pancost, E. C. Hopmans, I. Bouloubassi, G. Aloisi, R. R. Haese, J. Sinninghe Damsté, 2001, Evidence from isotopically depleted archaeal and bacterial biomarkers in eastern Mediterrnean mud volcanoes for carbon cycling in spatially heterogeneous anaerobic methane oxidizing microbial communities, 36 th CIESM Congress, September 23-28, 2001, Monte-Carlo, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 36, 45.

J. P. Werne, R. D. Pancost, E. C. Hopmans, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, 2001, Spatial variability in the anaerobic methane-oxidizing microbial community in Mediterranean mud volcanoes : evidence from lipid biomarkers and carbon isotopic compositions. EUG XI, Strasbourg, April 8-12, 2001, Journal of Conference Abstracts, 6(1), p.161.

K. Olu-Le Roy, M. Sibuet, G. Levitre, S. Gofas, C. Salas, A. Fiala-Medioni, J. Vacelet, 2001, Cold seep communities in the deep Mediterranean sea (sooth of Crete and Turkey) : Faunal composition and spatial distribution, 36 th CIESM Congress, September 23-28, 2001, Monte-Carlo, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 36, 40.

Pancost, R. D., Bouloubassi, I., Aloisi, G., Hopmans, E., Werne, J., Pierre, C., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. Archaeal and bacterial interactions during anaerobic methane oxidation at cold seeps. 2001 International Meeting of the American Chemical Society, San Diego, California. April 2001. (Invited Talk)

Pancost, R. D. (2001) Membrane Lipids of Deep-Sea Bacteria and Archaea: Elucidating Structures and Application to the Study of Biogeochemical Cycles. 2001 SW Regional Meeting of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Southampton UK.

Pancost, R. D., Bouloubassi, I., Aloisi, G., Zhang, C., Heijs, S., Werne, J., Hopmans, E. C., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.(2001) Cold seep microbial communities: How diverse are they? American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, December 2001. (Invited Talk)

Pancost, R.D., Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Bouloubassi, I., Aloisi, G. and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2001) Non-isoprenoidal ether lipids in marine and terrestrial settings. International Meeting of Organic Geochemistry, September 2001, Nancy, France.

R. R. Haese, C. Hensen, C. Meile, G. De Lange, 2001, Pore water chemistry of CH4-rich mud volcano sediments in the eastern Mediterranean sea : Implications for fluid origin, the presence of gas hydrate and biogeochemical reactions, 36 th CIESM Congress, September 23-28, 2001, Monte-Carlo, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 36, 26.

Ralf R. Haese, A. Dählmann, Gert J. de Lange, 2001, Biogeochemistry of pore waters in cold seep environments: Various tracers for fluid origin, advection, and biological imprints; NSG VIII, Amsterdam (The Netherlands).

S. Gofas, C. Salas, K. Olu, M. Sibuet, 2001, Molluscan communities on eastern Mediterranean deep-water mud volcanoes, 14th International Congress of Unitas Malacologia, Vienna, 19-25 August 2001.

S. K. Heijs, G. Aloisi, I. Bouloubassi, L. J. Forney, R. D. Pancost, C. Pierre, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, J. C. Gottschal and the Medinaut shipboard scientific party, 2001, Microbial community structure of deep sea carbonate crusts : Novel Archaea involved in anaerobic methane oxidation, 36 th CIESM Congress, September 23-28, 2001, Monte-Carlo, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 36, 191.

T. A. C. Zitter, C. Huguen, J. M. Woodside, 2001, Tectonic setting of mud volcanoes in the Anaximander Mountains area, Eastern Mediterranean, from side scan sonar observations, Conference on Subsurface sediment mobilisation, September 10-13, 2001, Gent, Abstract book, 54.

T.A.C. Zitter, Gaast, S. J. Van der, andWoodside, J.M., 2001, New informations concerning clay mineral provenance in mud volcanoes, 36 th CIESM Congress, September 23-28, 2001, Monte-Carlo, Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Médit., 36, 46.

Werne, J. P., Baas, M., Pancost, R. D., Heijs, S., Haese, R., Hopmans, E. C., and Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2001) Carbon cycling in methane-supported microbial communities in Mediterranean mud volcanoes: Evidence from lipid biomarkers and carbon isotopic compositions. International Meeting of Organic Geochemistry, September 2001, Nancy, France.

Werne, J.P. and J.S. Sinninghe Damste (2001) Molecular isotopic evidence for carbon cycling in anaerobic methane-oxidizing microbial communities in eastern Mediterranean mud volcanos. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, GSA Fall Meeting, Boston, 2001.

Bouloubassi I., G. Aloisi G., R.D. Pancost, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, C. Pierre and MEDINAUT Scientific Party, 2000, Lipid biomarkers in carbonate crusts from mud volcanoes of the Eastern Mediterranean Ridge: Implications for methane oxidation. Goldschmidt Conference 2000 on 'Life in Extreme Environments', Oxford, September 3-8, 2000.

C. Huguen, J. Mascle, J.P. Foucher, R. Griboulard, A. Kopf, T. Zitter, J. Woodside, and the shipboard scientific party, 2000, Mud volcanoes and mud flows along the central and eastern Mediterranean Ridge, eastern Mediterranean - new evidence Extended Abstract, EAGE Conference on Geology and Petroleum Geology of the Mediterranean and Circum-Mediterranean Basins.

G. Aloisi, C. Pierre, J.-M. Rouchy, J.-P. Foucher, J. Woodside, and the MEDINAUT scientific party, 2000, Methane and gas hydrate-related carbonate crusts in the mud volcanoes of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Extended Abstract, VI International Conference on Gas in Marine Sediments, St. Petersburg (Russia), 5-9 September 2000, 6-8.

J.-P. Foucher, P. Henry, J. Woodside, and the MEDINAUT scientific party, 2000, How much active are mud volcanoes of the eastern Mediterranean?. Abstract, VI International Conference on Gas in Marine Sediments, St. Petersburg (Russia), 5-9 September 2000, 27.

J.M. Woodside, 2000, General tectonic framework of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Extended Abstract, EAGE Conference on Geology and Petroleum Geology of the Mediterranean and Circum-Mediterranean Basins.

J.M. Woodside, J. Mascle, T.A.C. Zitter, and C. Huguen, 2000, Structural and tectonic control of fluid seeps and mud volcanoes in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Abstract, VI International Conference on Gas in Marine Sediments, St. Petersburg (Russia), 5-9 September 2000, 146.

R. Haese and G. de Lange, 2000, Pore water geochemistry of CH4-rich mud volcano sediments in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Implications for anaerobic methane oxidation, presence of gas hydrates and intensive irrigation. Goldschmidt 2000 on 'Life in Extreme Environments', Oxford, September 3-8, 2000.

R. Pancost, E. Hopmans, J. Werne, J. Sinninghe Damsté, 2000, Heterogeneity of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaeal communities in the Mediterranean inferred from lipid distributions and carbon isotopic compositions. Goldschmidt 2000 on 'Life in Extreme Environments', Oxford, September 3-8, 2000.

J. Woodside, J. Mascle and the MEDINAUT shipboard scientific party, 1999, Submersible observations of tectonic control of eastern mediterranean mud volcanism and fluid seeps. EUG X, Strasbourg, March 28-April 1, 1999, Journal of Conference Abstracts, 4, p.254.

J.-P. Foucher, G. de Lange and the MEDINAUT shipboard scientific party, 1999, Submersible observations of cold seeps on eastern Mediterranean mud volcanoes. EUG X, Strasbourg, March 28-April 1, 1999, Journal of Conference Abstracts, 4, p.254.

J.-L. Charlou, P. Jean-Baptiste, J.-P. Donval, J. Knoery, J.-P. Foucher, H. Pelle, and the MEDINAUT scientific party, High mmethane concentrations in plumes and brines associated with mud volcanoes of the eastern Mediterranean sea (MEDINAUT diving cruise, Nov.-Dec. 1998). Abstract, VI International Conference on Gas in Marine Sediments, St. Petersburg (Russia), 5-9 September 2000, 15.

Videodocuments

MEDINAUT Scientific Party, 2000, Video selection of observations from Nautile dives during the MEDINAUT Expedition. Shown during various international and national meetings including the September 2000 Goldschmidt conference (Oxford), the September 2000 Sixth International Conference on Gas in Marine Sediments (St. Petersburg), the October 2000 EAGE Conference on Geology and Petroleum Geology of the Mediterranean and Circum-Mediterranean Basins (Malta), the November 1999 Reunion specialisee "Geosciences Marines" et "Volcanologie" de la Societe Geologique de France (Villefranche-sur-Mer), the June 1999 CIESM Workshop on Mediterranean Scientific Drilling Propspectives (Granada), the September 2001 CIESM Congress (Monte-Carlo).

DEA or MASTER 2 using campaign data

G. Le Vitre. Maitrise UBO, tuteurs : K. Olu (Ifremer) et M. Sibuet (Ifremer) : Communautés benthiques liées aux sources de fluides froids par 2000 m de fond, en Méditerranée orientale.

A. Sandra, DEA Geosciences UBO, tuteurs: J.-P. Foucher (Ifremer) et J.-P. Réhault (UBO): Les lacs à saumures de la Méditerranée orientale profonde.

S. de Lindt, doctorandus analysis at Groningen, supervisors J. Gottschal and M. van der Maarel (RUG), on the microbiologie of cold seeps.

N. Roy, DEA Chimie Fine et Marine UBO, tuteur: J.-L..Charlou (Ifremer) :Géochimie des saumures des volcans de boue de Méditerranée Orientale. Comportement de CH4 dans les milieux de forte salinité et à haute pression.

S. Muzet, DEA Geosciences UBO, tuteurs : J.-P. Foucher (Ifremer) et J.-P. Réhault (UBO) : Les volcans de boue en Méditerranée orientale, exemple du volcan Napoli.

Thesis using campaign data

S. K. Heijs, 2005, Microbial communities at deep-sea mud volcanoes in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. PhD.

T. Zitter, 2004, Mud volcanism and luid emissions in Eastern Mediterranean neotectonic zones. PhD Thesis. De l'Université Libre d'Amsterdam, 140 pages.

C. Huguen, 2001, Déformation récente à actuelle et argilo-cinèse associée au sein de la ride méditerranéenne, Thèse de Doctorat de l'Université Paris VI, 260 pages.

G. Aloisi, 2000, La diagenèse carbonatée liée à l?hydrothermalisme froid et à l?activité microbienne sur les volcans de boue sous-marins, Thèse de Doctorat de l? Université Paris VI, 206 pages.