SWINGS

Name: SWINGS
Start: 2021-01-13
End: 2021-03-08
Location: Southern Ocean

Type	Oceanographic cruise
Ship	Marion Dufresne
Ship owner	TAAF
Dates	13/01/2021 - 08/03/2021
Chief scientist(s)	JEANDEL Catherine , PLANQUETTE Hélène
	LABORATOIRE D'ETUDES EN GÉOPHYSIQUE ET OCÉANOGRAPHIE SPATIALES - UMR 5566 14 avenue Edouard Belin 31400 Toulouse +33 (0)5 61 33 47 13 https://www.legos.omp.eu/
DOI	10.17600/18001925
Objective	The ocean's ability to absorb carbon dioxide depends on its chemical status and biological health. One of the major and expected consequences of climate change is to modify, in addition to stratification (and therefore light penetration), the nutrient inputs to the ocean, chemical speciation and the ability of biological species to assimilate them. These changes will be particularly pronounced in the Southern Ocean (IPCC, 2014). The term "nutrients" today systematically includes trace elements such as Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni that are all involved as coenzymes in cellular processes. These elements thus play a major role in the ocean but are present at very low concentrations. Studying their cycles has direct implications for many scientific studies, such as the carbon cycle, climate change, ocean ecosystems, and environmental contamination. The very recent advances in analytical techniques have allowed us to make substantial improvement in understanding the important properties of trace elements in the ocean. In addition, other trace elements are recognized tracers of processes such as the origin and transformation of matter (and / or water bodies) or the dynamics of marine particles. Others are notorious contaminants (eg Hg, Pb). The SWINGS project is based on an oceanographic section in the southern sector of the southwest Indian Ocean. This region is particularly crucial because it plays a major role in climate control and is highly sensitive to the global changes and still little explored due to its remoteness. Carrying out the 54-day SWINGS campaign in the South West Indian Ocean, which is essentially southern, will allow us to: Establish the distribution, behavior and transport of trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) within the water bodies identified along the section between La Réunion, Marion Islands, Crozet, Kerguelen to the south of Heard to connect with the Australian section K-Axis. Conduct process studies at the "continent-ocean" interface in the Bay of Natal and their potential influence on Alguhlas current Explore the possible presence of active hydrothermal vents at 44 ° S along the ultra-slow South West Indian Ridge, then near Marion Island and finally in the Kerguelen-Heard region. Contribute to the documentation of carbonate chemistry and air-sea CO₂ exchange along a section characterized by contrasting biological assemblages. Solve the signature of the dynamic processes at medium and regional scale (e.g . interactions between the Alghulas current and under current, frontal zones) Re-occupy key stations in the naturally fertilized areas of Crozet and Kerguelen and document the natural fertilization mechanisms at Marion-Prince Edward islands. Sampling equipment, analyses on board and on shore, and the associated modelling effort are based on state-of-the-art technologies. The originality of this project lies in its interdisciplinarity, which will involve geologists, physicists, chemists and biologists. Observations will feed high-resolution models developed for these regions. SWINGS is supported by an important network of international collaborations with colleagues from South Africa (UCT, CSIR, Stellenbosh), Germany (MPI), Belgium (ULB), Switzerland (ETH) and USA (WHOI, FSU, University of Washington, FIU, Duke University), SWINGS will be the 3rd French contribution to the international GEOTRACES program and fulfills the objectives of the SOLAS, IMBER and INTERRIDGE programs.

Sea/Ocean

Southern Ocean

Indian Ocean

(La Reunion-Durban-Marion island_Crozet, Heard, Kerguelen Islands)

Ports

Port of departure : Le Port (Réunion)

Port of return : Le Port (Réunion)

Limits

North	South	West	East
-23.0	-58.0	30.0	82.0

Scientific Authority

LABORATOIRE D'ETUDES EN GÉOPHYSIQUE ET OCÉANOGRAPHIE SPATIALES - UMR 5566

14 avenue Edouard Belin

31400 Toulouse

+33 (0)5 61 33 47 13

https://www.legos.omp.eu/

Participating bodie(s)

CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Sorbonn

Discipline(s)

PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
ENVIRONMENT

Code	Label	Quantity	PI
B01	Primary productivity Determination of primary production using an on deck incubator. Samples were collected from 3 different depths: including the surface, max chl-a and 1% light level (120m)	17 experiments	RYAN-KEOGH Thomas
B02	Phytoplankton pigments (eg chloroph Collection of phytoplankton pigments for HPLC analysis from 6 depths between the surface and 200m	99 stations	RYAN-KEOGH Thomas
B06	Dissolved organic matter (inc DOC) Organic carbon is the main element of dissolved organic matter and marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) consitutes one of the largest reservoir of reduced carbon on the Earth surface. DOC is operationally defined as the size fraction < 0.7 micrometer. DOC was determined across the entire water column (12 depths) along the cruise transect. Seawater samples were filtered and stored in pre-combusted glass ampoules (at ph 2)	260 samples	OBERNOSTERER Ingrid
B07	Pelagic bacteria/micro-organisms Samples for the enumeration of microbes were taken throughout the water column for heterotropic prokaryotes and in the upper 200m for pico-nanophytoplankton (<20 micrometer). Unfiltered seawater samples were fixed with glutaraldehyde (1% final conc), shock-frozen and are stored at -80°C until flow cytometric analyses	260 samples	OBERNOSTERER Ingrid
B08	Phytoplankton Nitrogen fixation and net primary production was measured in surface waters at 48 stations using the isotope tagging method (13C/15N). Seawater was taken from Niskin bottles or from the continuous clean pumping system. The samples were inoculated with 15N2 and 13C-HCO3-, incubated for 24 hours in deck incubators and then filtered on GF/F filters. The filters will be analysed by mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS)	48 stations	CASSAR Nicolas
B71	Particulate organic matter (inc POC Collection of filtered seawater for determination of particulate organic matter from 6 depths between the surface and 200m	89 samples	RYAN-KEOGH Thomas
B72	Biochemical meas. (eg,lipids,amino Dark community respiration and bacterial respiration (fraction-size <0,8µm) was investigated in constrasting productivity regimes in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean and in Subtropical waters. Seawater samples for incubation experiments were collected from surface waters at 12 different locations. Samples for cell abundance (phytoplankton, bacteria and HNF), activity (bacteria) and dissolved inorganic carbon were taken in parallel to continious O2 consumption measurements with optodes	12 experiments	FOURQUEZ Marion
D71	Current profiler (eg ADCP) Oceanic current profiles during stations obtained from L-ADCP instruments mounted on the standard rosette. 1 or 2 profiles by station	62 measurements	JEANDEL Catherine
G046	Surface corer A monocorer was attached 20 m below the in situ pumps at several stations, but only six sediment cores were retrieved succesfully. The cores were immediately sliced with plastic plates in 0.2 to 0.5 cm slices and stored frozen at -20°C. The supernatant water was also sampled for measurements of trace element concentrations, including Hg measured on board. The samples will be shipped first to UBO and then to AMU for analyses of trace metals, Hg speciation and stable lead isotope analyses	6 cores	HAMELIN Bruno
G74	Multi-beam echosounding During the exploration of the South West Indian Ridge to detect the possible presence of hydrothermal sources, we previously explored the area with a resolution of 15 m using the Marion Dufresne SMF	1 observations	JEANDEL Catherine
H09	Water bottle stations Niskin bottles	-	JEANDEL Catherine
H10	CTD stations We have carried out 99 deployments of the standard CTD with 22 Niskin cylinders and equipped with 2 LADCP (300 KhZ uplooker and 150 KHZ downlooker and T, S oxygen, fluorimeter, turbidimeter, PAR and altimeter sensors); 40 deployments of the clean CTD with 24 GO-FLO cylinders and equipped with T, S oxygen, fluorimeter, turbidimeter, PAR and altimeter sensors. We have also carried out about ten casts of large-volume water sampling for Be analysis, with dedicated CTD (SBE 19)	139 stations	JEANDEL Catherine
H17	Optics (eg underwater light levels) Measurements of photochemical efficiency by fast repetition rate fluorometry	99 stations	RYAN-KEOGH Thomas
H21	Oxygen Sampling in surface waters every 8h to correct the continuous data obtained with an Aanderaa optode. O2 concentrations in the water column were measured using a Sea-Bird oxygen sensor fixed on the standard and clean rosette. Samples were collected at most stations on the standard CTD to correct the sensor data. Ten samples were also collected on two clean casts. Samples were measured onboard within 3 days following the Winkler titration method.	99 stations	LO MONACO Claire
H22	Phosphate Phosphate concentration	1000 samples	BLAIN Stéphane
H24	Nitrate Nitrate concentration	1000 samples	BLAIN Stéphane
H26	Silicate Silicic acid concentration	1000 samples	BLAIN Stéphane
H27	Alkalinity Surface seawater from the MD pumping system was measured every 25 minutes. Water column samples were also collected from the Niskin bottles at 50 stations. Total CO2 and total alkalinity were measured simultaneously, onboard, following a potentiometric titration method in a closed cell.	828 samples	LO MONACO Claire
H30	Trace elements Dissolved and particulate trace elements were collected usin the clean CTD and sampled in the clean van. The following dissolved trace elements will be analysed: Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Co, Zn, Cd, Pb and Mo at LEMAR. For particulate trace elements, the following elements will be analyzed: Fe, Pb, Al, Ti, Mn, Cd, Co, Cd, Zn, Sr, Mo, V, Zr, Y, Ba, P, Cu at LEMAR. Samples for Ga will be analysed by A. Shiller (USA). Samples for cations will be analyzed by Z. Steiner in Kiel (Germany). Ligands by Liverpool	800 samples	PLANQUETTE Hélène
H31	Radioactivity Seawater samples were collected for the analysis of radium (223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra), actinium (227Ac), and thorium (228Th). These radionuclides will be used to constrain vertical and horizontal mixing, and to trace water masses. A RaDeCC system (Radium Delayed Coincidence Counter) was used onboard to perform 223Ra and 224Ra analysis. The other radionuclides will be measured onshore by gamma spectrometry and radon emanation	400 samples	VAN BEEK Pieter
H32	Isotopes Isotopes of Protactinium, Thorium and Actinium - Samples taken at all long stations and some specific ones (in currents such as Fawn Trough) - Average volumes: 10L per Ac sample, 2L filtered for Pa/Th samples - Pa/Th: Transport tracers and chemical element wells in the ocean - D/P exchange in the water column - Ac: tracer of vertical diffusion in deep waters	150 samples	ROY-BARMAN Matthieu
H71	Surface measurements underway (T,S) Sea surface temperature was measured using a SBE38 sensor at the beginning of the pumping system. Sea surface salinity was calculated from conductivity measured using a SBE21 thermosalinograph and in situ temperature from the SBE38 sensor. Surface seawater samples were collected every 8h to measure salinity using a Guidline salinometer	54 days	LO MONACO Claire
H74	Carbon dioxide Fugacity of CO2: Underway seasurface measurements using an infra-red analyser	51 days	LO MONACO Claire
H76	Ammonia Collection of unfiltered seawater for the determination of Ammonia concentrations between the surface and 300m	400 samples	RYAN-KEOGH Thomas
M71	Atmospheric chemistry Aerosol samples were collected on a 24-48 hour integrated basis using high volume aerosol samplers deployed on the flying bridge (above the ship's bridge. Samples were collected for total trace elements, berylium-7, and aerosol mercury and micro-plastics	19 samples	LANDING William
P01	Suspended matter Using in-situ pumps, we took 'trace metal and thorium' from the ISP cast: 1) 99 particulate samples on QMA filters (1um mesh size) superimposed on Petex filters of different mesh sizes (5um and 50um) for the analysis of POC, PN, 234Th, delta15N, delta14C, biomarkers, BSi, LSi, POP, Al, Ca, Na and Hg. 2) 85 particulate samples on Supor filters (0.8um mesh) for the analysis of trace metal concentrations, Zn, Ni and Si isotopes, proteins, etc.	184 samples	PLANCHON Frédéric
P02	Trace metals On board measurements of total mercury and dissolved gaseous mercury of seawater samples collected by trace metal clean rosette and GeoFish. Measurements were done by oxide-reduction of mercury and subsequently analysis by purge and trap cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry	1500 measurements	HEIMBURGER Lars-Eric

Joint document(s)

SWINGS cruise blog

Published data

Deteix Valentin, Cotard Edwin, Caquineau Sandrine, Landing William, Planchon Frederic, Ryan-Keogh Thomas, Cardinal Damien (2024). Biogenic and lithogenic silicon along the GEOTRACES South West Indian Ocean section (SWINGS-GS02). https://doi.org/10.17882/97947

Planquette Helene, Barut Guillaume, Baudet Corentin, Belhadj Moustafa, Benito Lea, Berthelot Hugo, Blain Stéphane, Cardinal Damien, Cassar Nicolas, Cassou Christophe, Chowdhury Subhadeep, Clerc Corentin, Cotard Edwin, Cotté Cedric, de Saint Léger Emmanuel, Deteix Valentin, D'Ovidio Francesco, Fawcett Sarah, Fin Jonathan, Forrer Heather, Fourquez Marion, Gadegaonkar Sharvari Sunil, Gest Léa, Goddard-Dwyer Millie, Gonzalez Santana David, Gueneugues Audrey, Hamelin Bruno, Heimbürger-Boavida Lars-Eric, Izard Lloyd, Jacquet Stéphanie, Kestenare Elodie, Lacan Francois, Lagarde Marion, Landing William, Lemaitre Nolwenn, Leon Morgane, Le Roy Emilie, Leseurre Coraline, Liao Wen-Hsuan, Lo Monaco Claire, Lopes Christian, Mignon Claude, Obernosterer Ingrid, O' Sullivan Edel, Perault Fabien, Planchon Frederic, Ringard Antoine, Ryan Keogh Thomas, Sanial Virginie, Sarthou Géraldine, Saito Mak, Sergi Sara, Shiller Alan, Steiner Zvika, Torres-Rodriguez Natalia, Tréguer Gwendolyn, Turnbull Isobel, Van Beek Pieter, Vivier Frédéric, Vorrath Maria-Elena, Whitby Hannah, Zhang Rui (2024). BIOGEOCHEMICAL dataset collected during the SWINGS cruise. https://doi.org/10.17882/99983

Jeandel Catherine, Planquette Hélène, Briais Anne, Boulart Cédric, Poncelet Cyrille, Scalabrin Carla, Bisquay Herve (2021). High-resolution bathymetry map (15-m grid) of a segment of the SWIR provided by MBES data acquired during the 2021 SWINGS marine expedition on the Marion Dufresne vessel. https://doi.org/10.17882/89462

Data managed by SISMER

Bibliography

Publications

Dournaux Meredith, Tulet Pierre, Pianezze Joris, Brioude Jérome, Metzger Jean-Marc, Thyssen Melilotus. Origin, size distribution and hygroscopic properties of marine aerosols in the south-western Indian Ocean: report of 6 campaigns of shipborne observations. EGUsphere IN PRESS. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3747 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00931/104297/

Zhang Rui, Blain Stéphane, Baudet Corentin, Planquette Helene, Vivier Frédéric, Catala Philippe, Crispi Olivier, Guéneuguès Audrey, Marie Barbara, Debeljak Pavla, Obernosterer Ingrid (2024). Tagging of water masses with covariance of trace metals and prokaryotic taxa in the Southern Ocean. Limnology And Oceanography Letters, 9(6), 776-784. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10429 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00880/99237/

Baudet Corentin, Bucciarelli Eva, Sarthou Geraldine, Boulart Cedric, Pelleter Ewan , Goddard-Dwyer Millie, Whitby Hannah, Zhang Rui, Obernosterer Ingrid, Gonzalez-Santana David, Léon Morgane, Van Beek Pieter, Sanial Virginie, Jeandel Catherine, Vivier Frédéric, Vorrath Maria-Elena, Liao Wen-Hsuan, Germain Yoan, Planquette Helene (2024). A hydrothermal plume on the Southwest Indian Ridge revealed by a multi-proxy approach: Impact on iron and manganese distributions (GEOTRACES GS02). Marine Chemistry, 265, 104401 (14p.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2024.104401

Tulet Pierre, Van Baelen Joel, Bosser Pierre, Brioude Jérome, Colomb Aurelie, Goloub Philippe, Pazmino Andrea, Portafaix Thierry, Ramonet Michel, Sellegri Karine, Thyssen Melilotus, Gest Lea, Marquestaut Nicolas, Mékiès Dominique, Metzger Jean-Marc, Athier Gilles, Blarel Luc, Delmotte Marc, Desprairies Guillaume, Dournaux Meredith, Dubois Gaël, Duflot Valentin, Lamy Kevin, Gardes Lionel, Guillemot Jean-François, Gros Valérie, Kolasinski Joanna, Lopez Morgan, Magand Olivier, Noury Erwan, Nunes-Pinharanda Manuel, Payen Guillaume, Pianezze Joris, Picard David, Picard Olivier, Prunier Sandrine, Rigaud-Louise François, Sicard Michael, Torres Benjamin (2024). MAP-IO, an atmospheric and marine observatory program onboard Marion Dufresne over the Southern Ocean. Earth System Science Data, 16(8), 3821-3849. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3821-2024 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00879/99118/

Chowdhury Subhadeep, Berthelot Hugo, Baudet Corentin, González-Santana David, Reeder Christian Furbo, L'Helguen Stéphane, Maguer Jean-François, Löscher Carolin R, Singh Arvind, Blain Stéphane, Cassar Nicolas, Bonnet Sophie, Planquette Helene, Benavides Mar (2024). Fronts divide diazotroph communities in the Southern Indian Ocean. Fems Microbiology Ecology, 100(8), fiae095 (13p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiae095 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00900/101168/

Jeandel Catherine (2024). The Value of Going To Sea on Big Ships and the Advantage of Multiple Tracers for GEOTRACES Style Programs. Perspective. Oceanography, 37(2), 17-20. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2024.408 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00897/100909/

Deteix Valentin, Cotard Edwin, Caquineau Sandrine, Landing William M., Planchon Frederic, Ryan-Keogh Thomas, Cardinal Damien (2024). Biogenic and lithogenic silicon along the GEOTRACES south West Indian Ocean section (SWINGS-GS02) and the islands mass effect on regional Si biogeochemical cycle. Marine Chemistry, 263-264, 104412 (16p.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2024.104412

Léon Morgane, Van Beek Pieter, Sanial Virginie, Baudet Corentin, Charette Matthew A., Souhaut Marc, Vivier Frédéric, Kestenare Elodie, Jeandel Catherine, Planquette Helene (2024). Investigation of hydrothermal activity in the South West Indian Ridge region using Ra isotopes and 227Ac as tracers. Progress In Oceanography, 221, 103191 (15p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103191 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00868/98037/

Léon Morgane, Van Beek Pieter, Sanial Virginie, Souhaut Marc, Henderson Paul, Charette Matthew A. (2024). Comparison of methods to determine extraction efficiencies of Ra isotopes and 227Ac from large volume seawater samples. Marine Chemistry, 258, 104328 (12p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2023.104328 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00857/96893/

Mascaut Faustine, Pujol Olivier, Brioude Jérôme, Jensen Andrew (2023). A 2D Ising-like model for cloud field organization in pristine oceans. European Physical Journal Plus, 138(1), 76 (14p.). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-03633-3

Liang Zhou, McCabe Kelly, Fawcett Sarah E., Forrer Heather J., Hashihama Fuminori, Jeandel Catherine, Marconi Dario, Planquette Helene, Saito Mak A., Sohm Jill A., Thomas Rachel K., Letscher Robert T., Knapp Angela N. (2022). A global ocean dissolved organic phosphorus concentration database (DOPv2021). Scientific Data, 9(1), 772 (9p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01873-7 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00813/92515/

Fuchs Robin, Thyssen Melilotus, Creach Véronique, Dugenne Mathilde, Izard Lloyd, Latimier Marie, Louchart Arnaud, Marrec Pierre, Rijkeboer Machteld, Grégori Gérald, Pommeret Denys (2022). Automatic recognition of flow cytometric phytoplankton functional groups using convolutional neural networks. Limnology And Oceanography-methods, 20(7), 387-399. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10493 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00775/88654/

Vivier Frederic, Park Young-Hyang, Sekma Hela, Le Sommer Julien (2015). Variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport through the Fawn Trough, Kerguelen Plateau. Deep-sea Research Part Ii-topical Studies In Oceanography, 114, 12-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.01.017

References of Articles published in other Periodicals or Scientific Works acclaimed in the Field

10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.01.017

References of Technical Reports

Jeandel Catherine, Planquette Helene (2021). SWINGS Cruise Report. MD229. N/O Marion-Dufresne. Jan 11th-March 8th 2021. https://doi.org/10.13155/83989

References of Articles published in periodicals and magazines for the general public

La depêche du midi. Une expédition toulousaine revient des mers australes, page environnement 07/03/2021

RCF :mercredi 20 janvier à 7h40 et 12h05 https://rcf.fr/la-matinale/trois-questions-20-janvier-2021-0740-2

https://exploreur.univ-toulouse.fr/swinguons-ensemble-sur-locean-austral

Portrait. Hélène Planquette recherche les poussières de fer dans l'océan, OF du 01/12/20 Une chercheuse brestoise coordonnera la prochaine mission du Marion-Dufresne, Le Telegramme du 05/01/21

Thesis using campaign data

Baudet Corentin (2023). Cycle biogéochimique du Fe et du Mn dans le secteur Indien de l'océan Austral. PhD Thesis, Université de Bretagne Occidentale.

Izard Lloyd (2023). Spatial structuring and variability of mesopelagic ecosystems in the southern Indian ocean. PhD Thesis, Université Sorbonne.

Leseurre Coraline (2022). Mécanismes de contrôle de l’absorption de CO2 anthropique et de l’acidification des eaux dans les océans Atlantique Nord et Indien Austral / Mechanisms controlling anthropogenic CO2 uptake and acidification in North Atlantic and Southern Indian Ocean waters. PhD Thesis, Université Sorbonne.

Fuchs Robin (2022). Méthodes neuronales et données mixtes : vers une meilleure résolution spatio-temporelle des écosystèmes marins et du phytoplancton / Neural methods and mixed data : towards a better spatio-temporal resolution of marine ecosystems and phytoplankton. PhD Thesis, Université d'Aix Marseille.

Levier Martin (2022). Développement et utilisation de l'Actinium-227 comme traceur du mélange de l'océan profond / Development and use of Actinium 227 as a tracer of deep ocean mixing. PhD Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay.