PHYCO

Name: PHYCO
Start: 2017-04-21
End: 2017-04-29
Location: English Channel

Type	Oceanographic cruise
Ship	Côtes De La Manche
Ship owner	CNRS until 2019 - IFREMER since 2020
Dates	21/04/2017 - 29/04/2017
Chief scientist(s)	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
	LABORATOIRE D'OCÉANOLOGIE ET DE GÉOSCIENCES - UMR 8187 28 avenue Foch BP 80 62930 Wimereux +33(0)3 21 99 29 00 log-com@univ-littoral.fr https://log.cnrs.fr/
DOI	10.17600/17010500
Objective	The PHYCO cruise is devoted to the study of the phytoplankton spring bloom in the Eastern Channel-southern North Sea region, by combining both reference sampling as well as the implementation of combined methods for high resolution observation of phytoplankton. We define the biogeochemical characteristics, the bio-optical environment and the distribution and characterization of phytoplankton communities along inshore-offshore and eastern-western gradients in both sides of the Channel, from the Bay of Seine to the strait of Dover, at high temporal and spatial resolution, in a season characterized by starting and/or decaying phytoplankton blooms (particularly those of diatoms and the haptophyte Phaeocystis globosa) and a great spatial heterogeneity, as well as rapid community changes. We combine in situ continuous recording at sub-surface waters and discrete sampling and profiling at fixed stations, collecting and analyzing samples both in surface and at different depths. We study the abundance, composition (functional groups, taxonomy) and physiological state of phytoplankton assemblages discriminated by in situ multi-spectral fluorometry, pulse shape-recording flow cytometry, image in flow analysis, Pulse Amplitude Fluorometry (PAM) and Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry (FRRF). We also carry out reference determination of phytoplankton species and pigmentary groups by microscopic observation and pigments analysis. The PHYCO cruise also allow us to gather marine reflectance as well as optical properties of both dissolved and particulate matter in order to calibrate and to allow the discrimination phytoplankton functional types (PFT) from space. This cruise is the first of a series of three cruises of the implementation of innovative semi-automated techniques for defining an automated observatory of phytoplankton and HABs, Joint Research Action (JRAP #1) of the JERICO-Next project (www.jerico-ri.eu) and is a follow up o INTERREG IV A "2 Seas" DYMAPHY Project. It represents an observation action of the French Regional "Hauts de France" project MARCO as well as a monitoring exploratory action for the French Monitoring Programme of Pelagic Habitats of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).

Sea/Ocean

English Channel

(Eastern Channel)

Ports

Port of departure : Boulogne (France)

Port of return : Boulogne (France)

Limits

North	South	West	East
51.1	49.4	-1.6	1.6

Project

JERICO-NEXT : Towards a joint European research infrastructure network for coastal observatories

Scientific Authority

LABORATOIRE D'OCÉANOLOGIE ET DE GÉOSCIENCES - UMR 8187

28 avenue Foch

BP 80

62930 Wimereux

+33(0)3 21 99 29 00

log-com@univ-littoral.fr

https://log.cnrs.fr/

Participating bodie(s)

ULCO, CNRS, UdL, IFREMER, Cefas

Discipline(s)

CROSS-DISCIPLINE
BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
ENVIRONMENT
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

Code	Label	Quantity	PI
B01	Primary productivity Phytoplankton primary productivity was addressed by the measurement of photosynthetic parameteres through depth casts and continuous recording of Fast Repetition Rate Fluorescence as well as through analysis on discrete surface and bottow water samples by means of a Phyto-PAM devise.	500 measurements	LIZON Fabrice
B02	Phytoplankton pigments (eg chloroph Chlorophyll a and pheopigments concentrations were measured on organic (acetone 90%) extracts from filters of water samples, on a Turner Designs 10-AU benchtop fluorometer. The concentration of supplementary phytoplankton pigments should be addressed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).	48 stations	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
B03	Seston Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) was determined on pre-weighted GF/F 47 mm filters.	48 samples	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
B07	Pelagic bacteria/micro-organisms Bacteria and pelagic micro-organisms are studied and quantified by flow cytometry after DNA staining by a fluorochrome.	48 samples	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
B08	Phytoplankton Phytoplankton abundance and diversity are studied on water samples fixed by lugol iodine, by inverted and scanning electron microscopy.	48 samples	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
B09	Zooplankton Zooplankton abundance and diversity are analysed on WP2 net formalin-fixed samples by microscopy and ZooScan.	27 samples	LOOTS Christophe
B13	Eggs & larvae Ichthyoplancton (fish eggs and larvae) characterisation and abundance are addressed on Bongo net fixed samples by both microscopy and ZoosCan.	27 samples	LOOTS Christophe
B64	Gear research Depth casts of phytoplankton photosynthetic parameters by Fast Repetition Rate Fluorescence (FRRF).	48 profiles	LIZON Fabrice
B71	Particulate organic matter (inc POC Particulate Organic Matter (Particulate Organic Carbon-POC) concentration is addressed on discrete water samples after filtration onto pre-combusted filters and removing of remaining carbonates, on a CHN analyser.	48 samples	MERIAUX Xavier
B90	Other biological/fisheries meas. The monitoring of phytoplankton spectral groups was addressed both in continuous recording and on depth casts by excitation of chlorophyll a, photopigments and CDOM two multispectral fluorometers (AlgaeOnlineAnalyser and a FluoroProbe). Moreover, the abundance and fluorescence of phytoplankton cells/colonies, size-classes and phytoplankton functional groups were addressed by automated flow cytometry (CytoSense/Sub type).	700 measurements	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
H09	Water bottle stations Water samples taken by hydrological (Niskin) bottles of in surface (8L) and bottom (5L) waters	48 stations	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
H10	CTD stations Depth casts of a SBE25 seabird CTD were perfoemd for measuring temperature, pressure/depth, conductivity/salinity, transmittance, Photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), dissolved O2 and total in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence.	47 profiles	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
H11	Subsurface meas. underway (T,S) Continuous recording of temperature, salinity, CDOM, dissolved oxygen and 4 phytoplankton spectral groups concentration (multispectral fluorometry) through a 'Pocket Ferry Box' devise in sub-surface waters.	5000 measurements	LEFEBVRE Alain
H17	Optics (eg underwater light levels) Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs, absorbance, fluorescence, backscatterance) as well as apparent optical properties (AOPs, reflectance) of marine waters were measured, respectively, by a combined "optical profiler" and a TRIOS device.	47 stations	MERIAUX Xavier
H22	Phosphate Dissolved phosphate concentration was assessed on discrete water samples on a AA3 auto-analyser (colorimetric method).	48 samples	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
H24	Nitrate Dissolved nitrate concentration was assessed on discrete water samples on a AA3 auto-analyser (colorimetric method) after passage on a Cd column.	48 samples	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
H25	Nitrite Dissolved nitrite concentration was assessed on discrete water samples on a AA3 auto-analyser (colorimetric method).	48 samples	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
H26	Silicate Dissolved silicate concentration is addressed by AA3 auto-analyser (colometric method).	48 samples	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
H76	Ammonia Dissolved ammonium concentration was assessed by a fluorometry method.	48 samples	ARTIGAS Luis Felipe
H90	Other chemical oceanographic meas. Particulate Inorganic Carbon (PIC) concentration is deduced from total and organic C analysis. Dissolved chromophoric matter (CDOM) is measured on water samples after filtration, by spectrophotometry.	48 samples	MERIAUX Xavier

Published data

Giraldo Carolina, Fontaine Virginie, Lefebvre Sebastien, Lefebvre Valerie, Caboche Josselin, Couvreur Clemence, Lebon Fabien, Delegrange Alice, Antajan Elvire (2024). A matter of size and season: insights into planktonic food-web dynamics in a temperate coastal ecosystem: Raw data. https://doi.org/10.17882/97229

Bibliography

Publications

Louchart Arnaud, Lizon Fabrice, Debusschere Elisabeth, Mortelmans Jonas, Rijkeboer Machteld, Crouvoisier Muriel, Lebourg Emeline, Deneudt Klaas, Schmitt François G., Artigas Luis Felipe (2024). The importance of niches in defining phytoplankton functional beta diversity during a spring bloom. Marine Biology, 171(1), 26 (22p.). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04346-6

Giraldo Carolina , Cresson Pierre , Mackenzie Kirsteen , Fontaine Virginie, Loots Christophe , Delegrange Alice, Lefebvre Sebastien (2024). Insights into planktonic food-web dynamics through the lens of size and season. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1684 (17p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52256-4 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00872/98439/

Di Pane Julien, Koubbi Philippe, Gendrot F., Giraldo Carolina , Karasiewicz Stephane, Marchal Paul , Loots Christophe (2021). Investigating environmental influence and temporal changes in sole (Solea solea) larvae condition using histology. Estuarine Coastal And Shelf Science, 250, 107161 (11p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.107161 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00666/77774/

Di Pane Julien, Gendrot F., Giraldo Carolina , Marchal Paul , Koubbi Philippe, Loots Christophe (2020). Evaluating the histological-based condition of wild collected larval fish: A synthetic approach applied to common sole (Solea solea). Journal Of Marine Systems, 204, 103309 (10p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103309 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00601/71325/

Di Pane Julien, Koubbi Philippe, Giraldo Carolina , Lefebvre Valerie, Caboche Josselin, Marchal Paul , Loots Christophe (2020). Recent changes in ichthyoplanktonic assemblages of the eastern English Channel. Journal Of Sea Research, 157, 101848 (9p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2020.101848 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00604/71631/

Lefebvre Alain , Poisson-Caillault Emilie (2019). High resolution overview of phytoplankton spectral groups and hydrological conditions in the eastern English Channel using unsupervised clustering. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 608, 73-92. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12781 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00479/59043/

References of Articles published in other Periodicals or Scientific Works acclaimed in the Field

Louchart A., Lizon F., Debusschere E., Mortelmans J., Rijkeboer M., Crouvoisier M., Lebourg E., Deneudt K., Schmitt F.G., Artigas L.F. 2023. The Importance of niche in defining phytoplankton functional beta diversity during a spring bloom. Accepted for publication in Marine Biology. MABI-D-23-00151R1

Louchart, A., de Blok, R., Debuschere, E., G?mez, F., Lefebvre, A., Lizon, F., Mortelmans, J., Rijkeboer, M., Deneudt, K., Veen, A., Wacquet, G., Schmitt, F. G. & Artigas, L. F. (2020). ?Automated techniques to follow the spatial distribution of Phaeocystis globosa and diatom spring blooms in the English Channel and North Sea,? in Ph. Hess [Ed]. 2020. Harmful Algae 2018 - from ecosystems to socioecosystems. Proceedings of the 18th Intl. Conf. on Harmful Algae. Nantes, International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae, 51-54, 214 pages. ISBN: 978-87-990827-7 https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00651/76285/77274.pdf

References of Technical Reports

Fontaine Virginie (2020). Dynamique et structure du réseau trophique planctonique en Manche-Est. Rapport de Stage de 2éme année de Master Biodiversité, Ecologie, Evolution (BEE). Parcours FOnctionnement et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Marins (FOGEM). Université de Lille.

Jouandet Marie-Pâule, Lebourg Emeline, Bruault Marie, Dedecker Claire, Louchart Arnaud, Gomez Fernando, Nowaczyck Antoine, Wacquet Guillaume, Lizon Fabrice, Crouvoisier Muriel, Cornille Vincent, Lefebvre Kévin, Bouchaud Fanny, Lécuyer Eric, Mériaux Xavier, Cauvin Arnaud, Didry Morgane, Delabre Jessica, Duflos Marie, Artigas Luis Felipe (2020). Résultats des campagnes océanographiques 2017- 2019 en Mers Celtiques et Manche Mer du Nord. Test pour la mise en place du Programme de Surveillance DCSMM. [PHYCO 2017 - PELRAD 2017 - ECOPEL 2018 leg 1 et leg 2 - CGFS 2018 - IBTS 2018 et 2019].

Jouandet M-P., Lebourg E., Bruaut M., Dédécker C., Louchart A., Gómez F., Nowaczyck A., Wacquet G., Lizon F., Crouvoisier M., Cornille V., Lefebvre K., Bouchaud F., Lécuyer E., Mériaux X., Cauvin A., Didry M., Delarbre J., Duflos M. et Artigas L. F., 2020. Résultats des campagnes océanographiques 2017-2019 en Mers Celtiques et Manche Mer du Nord : Test pour la mise en place du Programme de Surveillance DCSMM. 113 pp.

Lizon F., Artigas L.F., Louchart A., Michel-Rodríguez M., Pernak. M. (2020) Résultats des campagnes océanographiques 2017-2019 en Mers Celtiques et Manche Mer du Nord : Test pour la mise en place du Programme de surveillance de la DCSMM - Apports de la Fluorescence Variable FV de type FRRF (Fast Repetition Rate fluorometer), sur la caractérisation biologique des masses d'eau (campagnes préliminaires et exploratoires 2017-2019), 49 pp.

Lhériau Alexandre (2019). Estimation de la condition larvaire de la sole commune (Solea solea) en Manche Orientale. Rapport de stage de Master Sciences de la Mer. Université Sorbonne.

Vallet Quentin (2019). Variations de la condition larvaire chez le Sprat en Manche Orientale et Sud de la Mer du Nord. Rapport de stage de Master Sciences de la Mer. Université Sorbonne.

Jouandet M-P., Petit L., Duflos M., Wacquet G., Dédécker C., Aubert A., Rombouts I., Mialet B., Lebourg E., Bruaut M., Gómez F., Nowaszyk A., Delarbre J., Cornille V., Lécuyer E., Didry M., Lizon et Artigas L. F., 2019. Mise en oeuvre du programme de surveillance Habitats Pélagiques : test de mise en place des campagnes saisonnières et calcul d'indicateurs sur le site atelier Manche Mer du Nord et Mers Celtiques. 127 pp.

Artigas F., Créach V., Houliez H., Karlson B., Lizon F., Seppälä J., Wacquet G. (2019) Novel methods for automated in situ observations of phytoplankton diversity and productivity: synthesis of exploration, inter comparisons and improvements. JERICO-NEXT-WP3-D3.2, 85 pages. https://www.jerico-ri.eu/download/jerico-next-deliverables/JERICO-NEXT_Deliverable_3.2_130819_V5.pdf

Despinoy Carole, Puillat Ingrid (2018). Proceeding of poster session. 2nd JERICO-NEXT week. Galway, IR, 24-27 Sept.2018. https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00594/70589/

Gendrot Félix (2018). Variations spatiale et temporelle de la condition larvaire lors de la période critique de trois espèces de poissons en Manche orientale : approche par indices histologiques. Mémoire de Master Sciences de l’Univers, Environnement, Écologie. Spécialité : Océanographie et Environnements Marins. Univesité Sorbonne.

Karlson B., Artigas L.-F., Creach V., Louchart A., Wacquet G., Seppala J. (2017) Novel methods for automated in situ observations of phytoplankton diversity. Work package 3, Deliverable 3.1 of JERICO-Next project, 69 pages.

Karlson B., Artigas L.-F., Louchart A., Seppälä J., Claquin P., Colas F., Créach V., de Blok R., Deneudt K., Grégori G., Kromkamp J., Lefebvre A., Lizon F., Möller K., Rijkeboer M., Stemmann L., Thyssen M., Tyberghein L., Wacquet G. (2017) Contribution to the JRAP#1: Phytoplankton biodiversity and HAB (Biodiversity of phytoplankton, harmful algal blooms and eutrophication), Progress Report #2. Work package 4, Deliverable 4.3 of JERICO-Next project, 66 pages.

https://www.jerico-ri.eu/download/jerico-next-deliverables/JERICO-NEXT_Deliverable_3.2_130819_V5.pdf