SEISMARMARA

Type Oceanographic cruise
Ship Le Nadir
Ship owner Ifremer
Dates 11/08/2001 - 09/09/2001
Chief scientist(s) HIRN Alfred, SINGH Satish , TAYMAZ Tuncay

INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS - UMR 7154, UMS 3454

1 rue Jussieu

75005 Paris

+33 (0)1 83 95 74 00

https://www.ipgp.fr/
DOI 10.17600/1080050
Objective

The SEISMAMARA cruise was part of the Franco-Turkish research program on the seismic risk in the Istanbul area and in the Sea of Marmara, in response to the two destructive earthquakes that occurred in 1999 on the North Anatolian Fault along the coast of the Sea of Marmara. Through a complex system of faults, the North Anatolian Fault extends under the Sea of Marmara and controls its geological dynamics. The main objective of the SEISMARMARA cruise was to determine the deep structure of the fault system, at depths where earthquakes nucleate. Since the fault system is under the sea and has not ruptured since the 18th century, it could not be studied using the usual methods. For the study of the deep structure, we adapted the multichannel seismic reflection (MCS) method for deep penetration by developing powerful single-bubble sources, we employed the seismic refraction method using the same source recorded at land stations, and we used 37 OBS sensors at the sea bottom set out ahead of time by the Turkish ship, the MTA Sismik-1. Complementary methods were used, such as tomography based on (local) earthquakes recorded using by OBS sensors at the sea bottom, and land sensors. The observation of local earthquakes was to be radically improved by a temporary network of sensors deployed in the sea (using OBSs) and increased in density on land. These data were to provide a baseline reference which, in conjunction with a structural model, will help improve the precision of observations of future earthquakes. During the first leg, 2,000 km of MCS were performed to survey the deep structure of the region at several scales and at several depths. During the second leg, 2000 km of MCS were taken for a detailed study on the Cinarcik Basin, the eastern part of the Sea of Marmara, to better understand the depositional and deformation style of the sedimentary fill.

Data managed by SISMER

Bibliography

Publications

Gholamrezaie Ershad, Scheck-Wenderoth Magdalena, Cacace Mauro, Bott Judith, Heidbach Oliver, Bohnhoff Marco, Strecker Manfred R. (2021). Lithospheric strength variations and seismotectonic segmentation below the Sea of Marmara. Tectonophysics, 815, 228999 (13p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2021.228999 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00706/81760/


Géli LouisORCID, Henry Pierre, Çağatay M. Namik (2021). A review of 20 years (1999–2019) of Turkish–French collaboration in marine geoscience research in the Sea of Marmara. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 3, 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-021-00055-8


Bulkan S., Vannucchi P., Gasperini L., Polonia A., Cavozzi C. (2020). Modelling tectonic deformation along the North-Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara. Tectonophysics, 794, 228612 (13p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228612 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00648/75994/


Tarancioğlu Adil, Özalaybey Serdar, Kocaoğlu Argun H (2020). Three-dimensional seismic tomographic imaging beneath the Sea of Marmara: Evidence for locked and creeping sections of the Main Marmara Fault. Geophysical Journal International, 223(2), 1172-1187. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa389


Gholamrezaie Ershad, Scheck-Wenderoth Magdalena, Bott Judith, Heidbach Oliver, Strecker Manfred R. (2019). 3-D crustal density model of the Sea of Marmara. Solid Earth, 10(3), 785-807. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00502/61386/


Batsi Evangelia, Lomax Anthony, Tary Jean-Baptiste, Klingelhoefer FraukeORCID, Riboulot VincentORCID, Murphy ShaneORCID, Monna Stephen, Ozel Nurcan Meral, Kalafat Dogan, Saritas Hakan, Cifci Gunay, Cagatay Namik, Gasperini Luca, Geli LouisORCID (2018). An Alternative View of the Microseismicity along the Western Main Marmara Fault. Bulletin Of The Seismological Society Of America, 108(5A), 2650-2674. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1785/0120170258 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00453/56416/


Geli LouisORCID, Henry P., Grall Celine, Tary Jean-Baptiste, Lomax A., Batsi Evangelia, Riboulot VincentORCID, Cros Estelle, Gurbuz C., Isik S. E., Sengor A. M. C., Le Pichon X., Ruffine LivioORCID, Dupre StephanieORCID, Thomas Yannick, Kalafat D., Bayrakci G., Coutellier Q., Regnier Thibaut, Westbrook Graham, Saritas H., Cifci G., Cagatay M. N., Ozeren M. S., Gorur N., Tryon M., Bohnhoff M., Gasperini L., Klingelhoefer FraukeORCID, Scalabrin CarlaORCID, Augustin Jean-Marie, Embriaco D., Marinaro G., Frugoni F., Monna S., Etiope G., Favali P., Becel A. (2018). Gas and seismicity within the Istanbul seismic gap. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 6819 (11p.). Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23536-7 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00439/55072/


Bayrakci Gaye, Laigle Mireille, Becel A., Hirn A., Taymaz T., Yolsal-Cevikbilen S. (2013). 3-D sediment-basement tomography of the Northern Marmara trough by a dense OBS network at the nodes of a grid of controlled source profiles along the North Anatolian fault. Geophysical Journal International, 194(3), 1335-1357. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt211 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00185/29601/


Hergert Tobias, Heidbach Oliver, Becel Anne, Laigle Mireille (2011). Geomechanical model of the Marmara Sea region-I. 3-D contemporary kinematics. Geophysical Journal International, 185(3), 1073-1089. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.04991.x


Becel Anne, Laigle Mireille, de Voogd Beatrice, Hirn Alfred, Taymaz Tuncay, Yolsal-Cevikbilen Seda, Shimamura H. (2010). North Marmara Trough architecture of basin infill, basement and faults, from PSDM reflection and OBS refraction seismics. Tectonophysics, 490(1-2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.04.004


Becel Anne, Laigle Mireille, de Voogd Beatrice, Hirn Alfred, Taymaz Tuncay, Galve Audrey, Shimamura Hideki, Murai Yoshio, Lepine Jean-Claude, Sapin Martine, Ozalaybey Serdar (2009). Moho, crustal architecture and deep deformation under the North Marmara Trough, from the SEISMARMARA Leg 1 offshore-onshore reflection-refraction survey. Tectonophysics, 467(1-4), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.022


Geli LouisORCID, Henry P, Zitter T, Dupre StephanieORCID, Tryon M, Cagatay M, de Lepinay B, Le Pichon X, Sengor A, Gorur N, Natalin B, Ucarkus G, Oezeren S, Volker D, Gasperini L, Burnard P, Bourlange S (2008). Gas emissions and active tectonics within the submerged section of the North Anatolian Fault zone in the Sea of Marmara. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 274(1-2), 34-39. Publisher's official version : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.047 , Open Access version : https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4681/


Laigle Mireille, Becel Anne, de Voogd Beatrice, Hirn Alfred, Taymaz Tuncay, Ozalaybey Serdar (2008). A first deep seismic survey in the Sea of Marmara: Deep basins and whole crust architecture and evolution. Earth And Planetary Science Letters, 270(3-4), 168-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.031


Carton H., Singh S.C., Hirn A., Bazin S., de Voogd B., Vigner A., Ricolleau A., Cetin S., Ocakoglu N., Karakoc F., Sevilgen V. (2007). Seismic imaging of the three-dimensional architecture of the Cinarcik Basin along the North Anatolian Fault. Journal Of Geophysical Research-solid Earth, 112(B6101), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004548


References of Technical Reports

Gürbüz Cemil, Isik Sezim Ezgi, Geli LouisORCID, Cros Estelle (2013). High Resolution Micro Earthquake Characterization, Deliverable D8_2, EU MARSITE PROJECT (New Directions in Seismic Hazard Assessment through Focused Earth Observation in the Marmara Supersite). https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00278/38915/


Cros Estelle, Geli LouisORCID (2013). Caracterisation of microseimicity in the Western Sea of Marmara: implications in terms of seismic monitoring. Compte-rendu de fin de projet, Abondement 2011, 06/11/2013. https://doi.org/10.13155/38916


References of International Seminar Communications

Anne Bécel, Mireille Laigle, Alfred Hirn, Gaye Bayrakç?, Tuncay Taymaz, Seda Yolsal-Çevikbilen, and SEISMARMARA LEG-1 Team. Seismic structure from sea-bottom to mantle top of the Sea of Marmara on the North Anatolian fault (NW Turkey) (invited presentation). EGU Meeting, Vienna 2010.

Bayrakci, G., Laigle, M., Hirn, A., Taymaz, T., and Yolsal-Cevikbilen, S., 2010. 3D Vp heterogeneity beneath the Marmara Sea: shot tomography on a 2D OBS array. EGU Meeting, Vienna 2010.

Bayrakci, G., Laigle, M., Bécel, A., Sapin, M., Shimamura, H., Murai, Y., Taymaz, T. Ozalaybey, S. (2008) Approach to the complex 3D upper-crustal seismic structure by artificial sources tomography on a grid of OBS in the Sea of Marmara, European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria. Oral Presentation.

Bécel, A.; Laigle, M.; The SEISMARMARA Leg 1 Team (2008). Deep basins, crustal architecture, Moho, and deep deformation under the North Marmara Trough, from the Seismarmara Leg 1 MCS and refraction seismic survey (2008). Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10., EGU2008-A-09102, EGS General Assembly, Vienna, Austria. Oral Presentation.

Hergert T., Heidbach O., Bécel A., Hirn A. (2008). 4D stress and strain field of the Marmara Sea from numerical modelling. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-09165, EGS General Assembly, Vienne, Autriche. Oral Presentation.

Becel, A., Charvis P., De Voogd, B., Galve, A., Hirn, A., Laigle, M., Lépine J. ?C., Murai, Y., Ozalaybey, S., Sapin, M., Shimamura, H., Singh, S., Taymaz, T. Seismic Structure and Activity of the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara from the SEISMARMARA Leg1 Seismic Survey. AGU Fall Meeting San Francisco 2004.

Bécel, A., Shimamura, H, Lépine, J.-C., Taymaz, T., Murai, Y., Charvis, P., Nishimura, Y., Yamada, A., Ozalaybey, S., Tan, O., Yolsal, S., Laigle, M., Hirn, A., Singh, S., Géli, L., and Karabulut, H. "Refraction and wide-angle reflection, examples of OBS velocity and depth-prolongation of vertical-reflection in Seismarmara". EGS-AGU-EUG joint Assembly, Nice 2003.

Cetin, S., de Voogd, B., Carton, H., Laigle, M., Bécel, A., Saatcilar, R., Singh, S., and Hirn, A. "Seismarmara experiment: results from reprocessing of selected multi-channel reflection profiles". EGS-AGU-EUG joint Assembly, Nice 2003.

Hirn, A., Singh, S., Saatcilar, R., Laigle, M., de Voogd, B., Taymaz, T., Ozalaybey, S., Cetin, S., Bécel, A., Vigner, A., Carton, H., Shimamura, H., Lépine, J.-C., Sapin, M., Charvis, P., Karabulut, H. and Géli,L. "Elements of structure at crustal scale under the Sea of Marmara from multichannel seismics of the SEISMARMARA survey". EGS-AGU-EUG joint Assembly, Nice 2003.

Saatcilar, R., Hirn, A., (2) , Singh, S., Cetin, S. Ozalaybey, S., Laigle, M., Karabulut, H.. de Voogd, B, Bécel, A., Vigner, A. Carton, H., Lépine, J.-C., Sapin, M., Charvis, P., and Géli, L. "A Marine Deep Multi-channel Seismic Survey in the Sea of Marmara:SEISMARMARA Project". EGS-AGU-EUG joint Assembly, Nice 2003.

Hirn, A., Singh, S., Saatcilar, R., Laigle, M., De Voogd, B., Vigner, A., Taymaz, T., Ozalabey, S., Imren, C., Bazin, S., Charvis, P., Géli, L., Klien, E, "Reflection-seismic images and evolution at the scale of the crust and active faults of the Sea of Marmara trough (SEISMARMARA 2001)", EGS European Geophysical Society 27th General Assembly, Nice 2002.

A. Hirn, S. Singh, P. Charvis, L. Géli, M. Laigle, et collègues. "SEISMARMARA 2001: a marine seismic survey and offshore?onshore artificial source and natural earthquakes in the seismogenic region of the Sea of Marmara". EGS European Geophysical Society 27th General Assembly, Nice 2002.

Thesis using campaign data

Kende Julia (2018). Tectonics and hydrology of the Sea of Marmara : History of Sea of Marmara opening and reconstruction of the hydrologic response to climate variations since the last interglacial. PhD Thesis, Université d'Aix Marseille.


Bayrakci, Gaye. Hétérogénéité 3D de la croûte supérieure sous la Mer de Marmara : tomographie sur une grille de sismomètres fond de mer et de profils de tirs. Thèse IPG Paris, soutenue le 2 Octobre 2009.

Bécel, Anne. Structure sismique de la Faille Nord-Anatolienne en Mer de Marmara. Thèse IPGParis, soutenue le 29 Septembre 2006.

Carton, Hélène. Thèse IPGParis soutenue 2006.